Trace elements in human transitory milk. Variation caused by biological attributes of mother and infant

Multielement analysis was performed on human milk collected on 5-9-d postpartum from 51 Japanese females using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry (MS), ICP atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and fluorometry. Thirty-one elements were detected by these analytical methods in milk. Twelve elements (Na, Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, Rb, and Mo) were detected in all of the samples. Al, Cs, and Ba were the elements detected by ICP-MS in more than half of the samples. Multiple regression analysis extracted biological attributes of mother and infant, such as maternal stature, maternal wt, or infant's birth wt, as statistically significant factors contributing to the variation in elemental concentration in milk. However, the rates of contribution were small in all cases. It was concluded that the biological attributes of mother and infant examined in this study were not the major factors that contribute to elemental variation in human milk.     

Estrogen alleviates cognitive dysfunction following transient brain ischemia in ovariectomized gerbils

Acute hepatic failure models with extensive hepatic necrosis and hyperammonemia were developed in small animals. One model is bases on the retrograde infusion of ethanolamine oleate into the common bile duct of guinea pigs and another is based on the infusion of TNF-lipiodol emulsion into the portal tract of rats.     

Intracoronary infusion of E6010 has more potent thrombolytic activity than tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in dogs: a higher plasma level of E6010 than t-PA causes potent thrombolytic activity

We examined the thrombolytic properties of a novel modified human tissue plasminogen activator (PA) (E6010), in which cysteine 84 is replaced by serine, and which has a prolonged biologic half-life (t1/2). We compared the thrombolytic efficacy of continuous intracoronary (i.c.) infusion of E6010 with that of recombinant human tissue PA (rt-PA) in a canine model with copper coil-induced 1-h-old coronary artery thrombi and also compared the relation between thrombolytic efficacy and plasma clearance represented by pharmacokinetic parameters of i.c.-infused E6010 and rt-PA. Sixty-minute E6010 and rt-PA i.c. infusions were compared. The thrombolytic effects of i.c.-infused E6010 and rt-PA, represented by time to reperfusion (TR), reperfusion rate at 60 min (RR), and reocclusion rates at 60 min after reperfusion (OR) were as follows. E6010: Dose 0.06, 0.15, 0.3 (mg/kg/h); TR 25 +/- 10, 15 +/- 10, 13 +/- 5 (min); RR 100, 100, 100 (%); and OR 0, 0, 17 (%), respectively. Recombinant t-PA: Dose 0.06, 0.15, 0.3 (mg/kg/h); TR 47 +/- 12, 18 +/- 17, 14 +/- 4 (min); RR 50, 75, 100 (%); and OR 100, 33, 33 (%), respectively. These findings indicate that E6010 has more potent thrombolytic activity than rt-PA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Band Gaps of Na2C60 and K4C60

respectively.     

Microcavity distributed-feedback laser using dye-doped polymeric thin films

An organic microcavity laser, in which all the stacked polymer layers are doped with pyrromethene-567 dye, is presented. Singlemode laser oscillation at 568 nm was obtained that was located in the middle of the stopband. The lasing threshold was found to be 260 nJ/pulse, which corresponded to 300 muJ/cm² in the pulse energy density     

3He Impurity Effects on the Growth Kinetics of 4He Crystals

We report the growth kinetics of the⁴He crystals with a small amount of³He impurities around 0.8 K. The growth resistance was measured using the response of the charged interface with respect to an externally applied voltage. In 5 ppm and 10 ppm³He mixtures, it is found that (1) the relaxation process can be expressed as an exponential behavior, (2) the growth resistance becomes larger compared to pure⁴He and does not have a strong³He concentration dependence, and (3) the temperature dependence of the growth resistance is much the same as pure⁴He. We discuss several possible explanations of the present experiment.     

Improved ADPCM voice signal transmission employing click-noisedetection scheme for TDMA-TDD personal communication systems

In personal communication systems, better voice quality and lower terminal price are essential requirements, and adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) codecs are one of the voice codec candidates that have good voice quality and reasonable cost. However, in slow fading environments, burst errors induce click noise in ADPCM voice signal transmission. This paper proposes a novel error-concealment scheme to improve the ADPCM voice signal transmission quality of time division multiple access time division duplex (TDMA-TDD) personal communication systems in slow fading environments. The proposed scheme employs an improved error-detection technique with PCM differential detection and overflow detection coupled with a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code. To compensate for residual click noise, an expanded CRC error-detection signal is used. Erroneous PCM signals are adaptively suppressed according to the click-noise detection information. Hardware simulation results show that these techniques significantly improve ADPCM voice signal transmission quality by 0.5 points and 1.0 compared to that of the conventional ADPCM muting scheme and no processing, respectively, with the mean opinion scoring (MOS) test in the slow fading environments typical of personal communication systems     

Electrical properties at p-ZnSe/metal interfaces

In order to prepare low resistance ohmic contacts to p-ZnSn by the “deposition and annealing (DA)” technique which has been extensively used for GaAs and Si-based devices, formation of a heavily doped layer by the p-ZnSe/metal reaction is required. For p-ZnSe/Ni contacts, Ni and Se reacted preferentially at the ZnSe/Ni interface upon annealing at temperatures higher than 250°C. However, capacitance-voltage measurements showed that the net acceptor concentration (N_A-N_D) close to the p-ZnSe/Ni interface was reduced upon the Ni/ZnSe reaction, resulting in high contact resistance. For p-ZnSe/Au contacts, neither Au/ZnSe reaction nor reduction of the acceptor concentration were observed after annealing at temperatures lower than 300°C. This indicates that although the metal/p-ZnSe reaction is mandatory to prepare a heavily doped layer, the reaction induced an increase in the compensation donors in the p-ZnSe substrate. In order to increase the acceptor concentration in the vicinity of the p-ZnSe/metal interface through diffusion from the contact materials, Li or O which was reported to play the role of an acceptor in ZnSe was deposited with a contact metal and annealed at elevated temperatures. Ni or Ag was selected as the contact metal, because these metals were expected to enhance Li or O doping by reacting with ZnSe. However, the current density-voltage characteristics of the Li(N)/Ni and Ag(O) contacts exhibited rectifying behavior, and the contact resistances increased with increasing annealing temperature. The present results indicated that, even though the acceptor concentration in the p-ZnSe substrate increased by diffusion of the dopants from the contact elements, an increment of the compensation donors was larger than that of the acceptors. The present experiments indicated that preparation of low resistance ohmic contacts by forming a heavily doped intermediate layer between p-ZnSe and metal is extremely difficult by the DA technique.     

Optimization of a schottky barrier mixer diode in the submillimeter wave region

We have designed a mixer Schottky barrier diode (SBD) for use in the submillimeter wave region with a structure optimized for minimum noise temperature. The dependence of mixer noise temperature upon thickness and doping density of the epitaxial layer and diode diameter of SBDs was simulated within the framework of existing theories. Special care was taken to formulate the SBD current-voltage and capacitance-voltage relations in a way that correctly describes the behavior of real SBDs.